High-capacity/efficiency transmission line design

ABSTRACT

A transmission tower structure for suspending from an arched crossarm a three phased circuit arranged in a compact delta configuration that improves the surge impedance loading (SIL) of a transmission line, reduces its series impedance, lowers both resistive and corona losses, and moderates electromagnetic fields and audible noise effects at the ground level—all achieved in a cost effective manner. The structure further has a low overall height and aesthetic appearance enhancing the public acceptance of the embodiments.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 61/639,126 filed on Apr. 27, 2012 forHigh-Capacity/Efficiency Transmission Line Design, incorporated hereinby reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIVE FIELD

The present invention is directed to high-capacity, high-efficiencyalternating current (AC) overhead transmission lines. In one embodiment,a power transmission line with a three-phase compact delta configurationis suspended by a single crossarm. The present invention relates to anovel transmission line to maximize load-carrying ability, environmentalcompatibility, cost effectiveness, and public acceptance.

Public interest in clean, reliable power supplies, combined withrenewable generation projects being developed in areas remote from loadcenters, demands transmission infrastructure capable of deliveringefficiently large blocks of power over long distances. In view of thepublic opposition to overhead transmission in general, and 765 kilovolt(kV) (i.e., the highest transmission voltage class in the U.S.) inparticular, electric utilities resort to building conventional 345 kVlines and augmenting such lines with series compensation to achieve theperformance characteristics of higher-voltage transmission.

The transmission line design of the preferred embodiment boosts theperformance of 345 kV lines beyond their traditional capabilitieswithout relying on costly external devices, such as series capacitors.In the preferred embodiment, low-profile, aesthetic features minimizethe environmental impact and structure costs, seeking to improve publicacceptance of new transmission projects.

It has been established through engineering analysis and practice thatload-carrying ability, or loadability, of a transmission line is limitedby one or more of the following factors: (i) thermal rating, (ii)voltage-drop constraint, and (iii) steady-state stability limitation.Thermal rating is an outcome of the conductor and/or terminal equipmentselection process, and is most limiting for lines shorter than 50 miles.Longer lines are limited primarily by voltage-drop and/or stabilityconsiderations, both of which are directly affected by thelength-dependent impedance of the line.

For a given line length, the most effective method of reducing impedanceand thereby improving loadability, is to raise the transmission voltageclass. However, due to public opposition, multiple lower-voltage linesare built with series compensation to reduce the impedance and achievethe required loadability objectives.

Series compensation, traditionally, has been used as a near-term remedyto stretch the AC system capability. Also, in some areas,series-compensated lines serve as a substitute for higher-voltagetransmission to transport sizable power blocks point-to-point over longdistances. These applications invariably are accompanied by concernssuch as subsynchronous resonance (SSR) and subsynchronous controlinteractions (SSCI), known to pose risks to electrical machinery andgrid stability.

Other concerns include system protection complexities, maintenance andspare equipment requirements, electrical losses, limited life expectancyrelative to that of the line itself, and future grid expandabilitychallenges. Grid expandability is of particular concern when tapping theseries-compensated line to serve a new load center or to integrate a newgenerating source because these developments: (i) can result inovercompensated line segments, and (ii) may be beyond the utility'scontrol.

The new transmission line design, a 345 kV line in the preferredembodiment, minimizes these concerns while inherently offering therequisite capacity and efficiency for both long- and short-distance bulkpower deliveries within the electrical grid.

SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL INVENTIVE CONCEPT

In all embodiments of the invention, a high-capacity, high-efficiency345 kV overhead transmission line design offers performance advantagesrelative to typical configurations now in use in the electric utilityindustry. This design provides a viable alternative to the use ofseries-compensated 345 kV lines and/or higher-voltage lines fortransporting efficiently large power blocks over long distances (e.g.,100 miles); one that is superior in terms of simplicity of design andengineering, construction and operation, grid expandability, lifeexpectancy, and life cycle cost.

The preferred embodiment of the invention represents double-circuit (andsingle-circuit/double-circuit-capable) lines, characterized by a compactinterphase configuration using bundled conductors suspended fromstructures with a low, aesthetic profile. The new structure preferablyis comprised of a single arch-shaped tubular steel crossarm supportingboth circuits symmetrically about a single tubular steel pole shaft.Three phases with two, three, four (or more) bundled conductors each arepreferably held together in a “delta” arrangement by means of V-stringsuspension insulator assemblies and interphase insulators, whilemaintaining desired phase-to-structure insulator assembly connections.This preferred embodiment of the invention improves the surge impedanceloading (SIL) of a transmission line (i.e., a measure of lineloadability), reduces its series impedance, lowers both resistive andcorona (air ionization) losses, and moderates electromagnetic fields(EMF) and audible noise effects at the ground level—all achieved in acost effective manner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description of the example embodiments refers to theaccompanying figures that form a part thereof. The description providesexplanations by way of exemplary embodiments. It is to be understoodthat other embodiments may be used having mechanical and electricalchanges that incorporate the scope of the present invention withoutdeparting from the spirit of the invention.

In addition to the features mentioned above, other aspects of thepresent invention will be readily apparent from the followingdescriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments, wherein likereference numerals across the several views refer to identical orequivalent features, and wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the transmission line ofthe present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the transmission line ofthe present invention (schematic);

FIG. 3 illustrates one typical 345 kV transmission line in use (priorart);

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the transmission line of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the transmission line of thepresent invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of the transmission line of thepresent invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of the transmission line of thepresent invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the transmission line of thepresent invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of the yoke plate for a 4-conductorbundle;

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of the yoke plate for a 3-conductorbundle;

FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of the yoke plate for a 2-conductorbundle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT(S)

FIG. 1 shows the preferred embodiment of a 345 kV double-circuit linedesign of the present invention. It features a streamlined, relativelylow-profile structure with phase-conductor bundles arranged into compact“delta” configurations by means of interphase insulators (“delta” meansin a substantially triangular shape with internal angles in the range of30 to 120 degrees). Compact delta configurations have the advantage ofimproved line surge impedance loading (SIL), lower series impedance, andreduced ground-level EMF effects (“compact” means a relatively closerarrangement than typical transmission line configurations that avoidsthe need for series compensation or any significant amount of seriescompensation; “compact” means in the range of 10 to 20 feet between anytwo phases). SIL, a loading level at which the line attainsself-sufficiency in reactive power (i.e., no net reactive power into orout of the line), is a convenient “yardstick” for measuring relativeloadabilities of long lines operating at similar, or dissimilar, nominalvoltages.

The design of FIG. 1 employs up to four (or more) conductors per phase,offering significant gains in thermal capacity and energy efficiency ofthe line. In situations where four-conductor or larger bundles aredeemed unnecessary for thermal reasons, the present invention can beused with three- or two-conductor bundles with associated costreductions, although some loss of SIL will result. Alternately, thehigher cost of larger bundles can be reduced with smaller-diameterconductors, while preserving much of the SIL improvement. Also, thehigher cost of larger bundles can be offset by power and energy savingsdue to greater line efficiency. These changes would represent arefinement of the present invention design described herein.

Considering the sensitivities involved in transmission line placement,the low overall height and aesthetic appearance of the new design areexpected to enhance public acceptance of new transmission projects. Thenew design is efficiently accommodated within a typical right-of-way(ROW), 150 feet wide for 345 kV construction.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic of the 345 kV double-circuit design illustratedin FIG. 1. It preferably includes a single steel pole shaft (1)supporting an arch-shaped tubular steel crossarm (2), which imparts astreamlined, aesthetic, low-profile appearance. The average overallstructure height, at approximately 100 feet, is about 30% lower thanthat of a traditional 345 kV double-circuit design with the sameattachment height of the bottom phase conductor bundle. Each phasecontains multiple conductors forming a bundle approximately 16 to 32inches in diameter. Spacings among the three phases in the exampleembodiment (approximately 14 feet, 14 feet and 18 feet) are maintainedusing interphase insulators (7) and (9). These dimensions andbundle/phase arrangements can vary, provided the required interphaseclearances are maintained to protect line workers and the public. Thecrossarm (2) supports preferably two ground/shield wires (12), which arepositioned to provide preferred zero-degree shield angle to the outmostphase conductor bundle (62).

Arch-shaped tubular steel crossarm, as shown in FIG. 2, is preferred; itprovides the insulator assembly attachment points at the desiredpositions while having a simple and elegant appearance. The crossarmshape can be varied from an arch with the radius of 30-50 feet to astraight arm as long as the attachment points for the insulatorassemblies maintain the required phase-to-ground and phase-to-phaseclearances.

The preferred configuration of the new 345 kV design employs interphaseinsulators, which hold phase conductor bundles in a compact deltaconfiguration, and other insulators that attach each of these bundles tothe structure/crossarm body to minimize the risk of phase-to-phasefaults. The internal angle between the insulator pairs (3) and (4), (6)and (7), (9) and (10) is preferred at 100 degrees but can vary from 60to 120 degrees. The preferred angle will maintain both sides of V-stringinsulators in tension under a wind loading of up to 6 psf, whichcorresponds to wind speed of about 50 mph. Insulators (3), (4), (6) and(10) could be ceramic, glass or polymer, for example.

The interphase insulators (7) and (9) will have the capacity towithstand the design tension, compression, and torsional loads andmaintain the phase-to-phase dry-arc distance and leakage distancerequirements. The net distance between the grading rings (if required)of the interphase insulator is preferably not less than 9.25 feet. Theinterphase insulators (7) and (9) will preferably have the samecontamination performance as the other insulators used in the V-string.This will result in the actual leakage distance being longer than thatof the phase-to-ground insulator by a factor of the square-root ofthree. Polymer insulators can provide a higher ratio of leakage distanceover dry-arc distance to fit more leakage distance into the same overallsection length. Silicone rubber polymer insulators are preferable due tohigher flashover stress capability compared with ethylene propylenediene monomer (EPDM) rubber polymer insulators and standard ceramic orglass insulators.

Grading rings, if required, are preferably installed on both ends of thepolymer insulators. For ceramic or glass insulators, this need isestablished by electrical testing. The grading rings and theirattachments should withstand the electric arcs of a flashover across theinsulator and those from a lightning strike. These rings and endfittings should preferably be corona free under dry conditions. The 60Hz electric field on any part of the polymer portion of the insulatorpreferably should not exceed 0.42 kVrms/mm for more than a distance of10 mm measured along the longitudinal axis of the insulator.

As shown in FIG. 2 for Circuit No. 1 (70), insulator (3) is suspendedfrom the arch-shaped tubular steel crossarm (2) via a connection plateknown as through-yang (16). Insulator (4) is attached to the tubularsteel shaft (1) via a through-yang (13). In turn, insulators (3) and (4)suspend yoke plate (5) for a first phase conductor bundle (60).Insulator (6) is suspended from the crossarm (2) via a through-yang(15), and insulator (7) is suspended from yoke plate (5). Insulators (6)and (7) suspend yoke plate (8) for a second phase conductor bundle (62).Insulator (9) is suspended from yoke plate (8), and insulator (10) isattached to the tubular steel shaft (1) via a through-yang (14).Insulators (9) and (10) suspend yoke plate (11) for a third phaseconductor bundle (64). The insulators, through-vangs and yoke plates inCircuit No. 2 (72) are arranged similarly to the correspondingcomponents in Circuit No. 1 (70). A structure of such a configurationmay have an approximate height of 100 feet in flat terrain conditions.

For comparison, a typical 345 kV double-circuit pole structure, havingcircuit one (74) and circuit two (76), in use today is shown in FIG. 3.Six conductor crossarms (18) and two shield wire arms (21) are supportedby a single steel pole shaft (17). Insulator I-string hardware assembly(19) is suspended from the end of each conductor crossarm (18) andsuspends a two-conductor phase bundle (20). The shield wire hardwareassembly (22) is attached at the end of each of the two shield wire arms(21). Vertical spacings among the three-phases can vary, but in thisstructure they are 25.5 feet, 25.5 feet and 51 feet. A structure of sucha configuration may have an approximate height of 150 feet in flatterrain conditions.

Table 1 summarizes examples of the physical and electricalcharacteristics of a typical 345 kV double-circuit line design and threevariations of one embodiment of the present invention using two-,three-, and four-conductor bundling arrangements. Of particular interestare the improvements in SIL, impedance, and energy loss properties,which directly influence line loadability and efficiency. These are keyconsiderations in any transmission development built to carry largeblocks of power over long distances. Table 1 also provides a comparisonbetween the new and typical line designs' thermal ratings, EMF andaudible noise emissions, installed costs, and cost effectivenessexpressed in dollars per mile per SIL megawatts. The latter is a morecomplete measure of the transmission line cost and, when full life cyclecosts are considered, it further underscores the advantage of the newdesign.

TABLE 1 Comparison of Typical and Present Invention 345 kV Line DesignsTypical 345 kV DESIGN NEW 345 kV DESIGN Phase Conductor Bundle 2-954 kCMACSR 2-954 kCM ACSR 3-795 kCM ACSR 4-795 kCM ACSR Cardinal CardinalDrake Drake (18″ Spacing) (18″ Spacing) (30″ Bundle Dia.) (30″ BundleDia.) Phase Spacing (Feet) Actual Planned Planned Planned (Phases1-2/2-3/3-1) 25.5/25.5/51.0 14.0/14.0/18.0 14.0/14.0/18.0 14.0/14.0/18.0Structure Height (Feet) 145.5 99 −32% 99 −32% 99 −32% EACH CIRCUIT:Resistance (Ω/100 Miles) 5.01 4.96 −1.0%  3.93 −22% 2.96 −41% SurgeImpedance (Ω) 284 243 −14% 194 −32% 178 −37% Surge Impedance Loading(MW) 420 490 +17% 610 +45% 670 +60% Thermal Rating (A)⁽¹⁾ 2,246 2,246   0% 3,075 +37% 4,100 +83% BOTH CIRCUITS COMBINED: Resistive Loss(MW/100 Miles)⁽²⁾ 84 83 −1.2%  66 −21% 50 −41% Corona Loss (MW/100Miles)⁽³⁾ 1.0 2.3 +130%  1.6 +60% 0.8 −20% Audible Noise @ ROW Edge 4453 +20% 44    0% 37 −16% (dBA)⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾ Electric Field @ ROW Edge (kV/m)⁽⁴⁾0.5 0.6 +20% 0.8 +60% 0.9 +80% Magnetic Field @ ROW Edge (mG)⁽⁴⁾ 116 54−53% 54 −53% 54 −53% Installed Cost ($M/100 Miles)⁽⁶⁾ 151 140  −7% 164 +9% 190 +26% Cost Effectiveness ($/MW-Mile)⁽⁷⁾ $1,798 $1,429 −21%$1,344 −25% $1,418 −21% Notes: ⁽¹⁾Summer rating for continuous operationin AEP (Western Region) ⁽²⁾Line loss based on 1000 MVA loading in eachof two circuits ⁽³⁾Yearly average corona loss (rain 20%, snow 2%, fair78% of time) ⁽⁴⁾Results are shown for “superbundle” phase arrangement(Phases 1-2-3; 1-2-3, top-to-bottom); other arrangements are possible.Right-of-way (ROW) width is 150 feet ⁽⁵⁾Mean value of audible noise inrain at sea level ⁽⁶⁾Estimated line cost based on NESC Heavy loadingzone Grade B design criteria ⁽⁷⁾Cost effectiveness based on SIL MWcapability (two circuits)

As demonstrated, SIL improvements and impedance reductions approaching60% and 40%, respectively, are achievable with one embodiment of the 345kV design of the present invention using streamlined, low-profilestructures and phase-conductor bundles arranged into compact deltaconfigurations. Also, by using three- or four-conductor phase bundles,significant gains are attained in thermal capacity and energy efficiencyof the line, both resulting in lower operating temperatures. A secondarybenefit of these improvements is to help unloadhigher-impedance/lower-capacity lines in the transmission system, thusimproving the overall system performance.

Other benefits include: (i) reduced ground-level audible noise, which iscomparable to that encountered in a library environment, and (ii) lowEMF levels corresponding to a fraction of the applicable industryguidelines, even during most demanding operating conditions.

Ground-level electric fields produced by the present invention andtypical designs are very weak, although electric fields associated withthe former are higher. Both fields, computed at the line ROW edge, arewell within the corresponding industry guideline (5 kV/m). Magneticfield, which presently receives more attention in the scientificcommunity and line sitting proceedings, is halved for the same lineloading conditions in this embodiment. Depending on the application,further reductions in electric and/or magnetic fields are possible byusing other phasing arrangements from that assumed in Table 1.

In the preferred embodiment, ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)and symmetrical bundles are considered; however, different conductortypes and/or asymmetrical bundles can be used in the present inventionwith varied effects on cost, electrical and mechanical performance ofthe line.

All three variations of the present invention design as demonstrated inthe embodiment related to Table 1 are more cost-effective on a $/MW-milebasis than the typical design owing to their greater loadabilities.Moreover, in projects that normally would require series compensation,the avoided cost is the cost of installing and maintaining/replacing thecompensation equipment (including SSR/SSCI assessment and/or mitigationcosts) over the long term, considering the long life expectancy of atransmission line. Such costs, apart from the concerns noted earlier,can be substantial.

The four-conductor option of the 345 kV double-circuit design of thepresent invention as shown in FIG. 2 also compares favorably with atypical 500 kV line design (where the three-phases are suspended in ahorizontal configuration under a tower crossarm). As shown in Table 2,the former, placed on a 150-foot wide ROW, offers a 40% higher SIL thanthe latter, which is commonly taller and built on a 175-foot ROW. Energyefficiencies and installed costs of the two designs are similar, withthe 345 kV design of the present invention being significantly more costeffective due to its higher loadability—an important objective in bulkpower transmission development.

It is evident from Table 2 that the design of the present inventioncannot be viewed as a substitute for a typical 765 kV transmission line(where the three-phases are suspended in a horizontal configurationunder a tower crossarm), but can serve as the next best alternative.Integrating a 765 kV or a 500 kV line with 345 kV transmission wouldrequire transformers and other station equipment, the cost of which isnot included in this comparison.

TABLE 2 New 345 kV vs. Higher-Voltage Designs NEW 345 kV DESIGN⁽¹⁾ 500kV DESIGN 765 kV DESIGN Phase Conductor Bundle 4-795 kCM ACSR 3-1113 kCMACSS 6-795 kCM ACSR Drake Finch Tern (30″ Bundle Dia.) (18″ Spacing)(30″ Bundle Dia.) Right-of-Way Width (Feet) 150 175 200 Surge ImpedanceLoading (MW) 1340 960 2380 Resistive Loss (MW/100 Miles)⁽²⁾ 50 47 14Corona Loss (MW/100 Miles)⁽³⁾ 0.8 1.1 2.4 Installed Cost ($M/100Miles)⁽⁴⁾ 190 192 266 Cost Effectiveness ($/MW-Mile)⁽⁵⁾ $1,418 $2,000$1,118 Notes: ⁽¹⁾Data provided for both circuits, combined, of new 345kV design ⁽²⁾Line loss based on 1000 MVA loading in each 345 kV circuit;2000 MVA in 500 kV and 765 kV lines ⁽³⁾Yearly average corona loss (rain20%, snow 2%, fair 78% of time) ⁽⁴⁾Estimated line cost based on NESCHeavy loading zone Grade B design criteria ⁽⁵⁾Cost effectiveness basedon SIL MW capability

In alternative embodiments, both straight-shaped tubular steel crossarmsand latticed steel crossarms can be used in place of the singlearch-shaped tubular steel crossarm of the double-circuit design of FIG.2.

FIG. 4 shows an alternative structure configuration of the new designutilizing two straight tubular steel crossarms (23) to support the phaseconductors and shield wires (12) for a first circuit (78) and secondcircuit (80). The length of the insulator assembly (24) would bedifferent from the corresponding insulator assembly (6) in FIG. 2 to fitthis alternative configuration. A structure of such a configuration mayhave an approximate height of 105 feet in flat terrain conditions.

FIG. 5 shows another alternative with two arched lattice steel crossarms(25) in place of the single arch-shaped tubular steel crossarm (2) shownin FIG. 2 to support the phase conductors and shield wires (12) for afirst circuit (82) and second circuit (84). Attachment plates (26) and(27) on lattice crossarms, and through-vangs (13) and (14) on steel poleshaft (1), provide support for the insulator assemblies. A structure ofsuch a configuration may have an approximate height of 105 feet in flatterrain conditions.

FIG. 6 shows still another alternative with lattice-type steel crossarms(28) and tower body (33) to support the phase conductors and shieldwires (12) for a first circuit (86) and second circuit (88). In thisalternative, attachment plates (29) and (30) on the crossarms, andattachment plates (31) and (32) on the tower body, support the insulatorassemblies. This is a cost effective alternative for use with longerspans in mountainous terrain. A structure of such a configuration mayhave an approximate height of 105 feet in flat terrain conditions.

It is preferred that none of the alternative designs require a change inthe physical phase/conductor positions, thus retaining basic electricalproperties of the most representative design (refer to FIG. 2),including its load-carrying ability and efficiency.

The above alternatives could simplify the structure fabrication processand reduce costs, but would increase the overall height by 5 to 6 feet.Moreover, they may detract from the line's streamlined appearance (andpublic acceptance), a significant consideration in crafting the newdesign.

FIG. 7 shows a modification of the present invention, where onearch-shaped steel crossarm (56) supports Circuit No. 1 (90) directlyabove another arch-shaped steel crossarm (57) supporting Circuit No. 2(92), both on a single tubular pole shaft (55) structure that can beplaced within a narrower ROW, less than 150 feet in width. This designcan be modified further to include up to two additional circuits,preferably positioned symmetrically from Circuits No. 1 (90) and No. 2(92), doubling the overall line loadability, within a 150 feet ROWwidth.

FIG. 8 shows yet another modification of the present invention usingcrossarms (35), braced-post insulator assemblies (36) and (37) similarto those of Lindsey Manufacturing Co., and I-string suspension insulatorassemblies (38) to suspend a yoke plate (39) instead of V-stringinsulator assemblies to keep the phases in a similar delta arrangementwith no interphase insulators. Crossarm (35), supports Circuit No. 1(94) and Circuit No. 2 (96), The spacings among three phases, each withmultiple conductors, are increased in this modified design up toapproximately 20 feet to maintain I-string blow out clearance under 6psf winds. The increased phase spacings would result in some loss of SILcapability. Ground/shield wire assemblies (42) are arranged at the endsof the crossarm (35), In this exemplary embodiment, through-yang plates(43) and (44) are used to connect insulators (38) and post insulatorassemblies (37) to the crossarm. In addition, yoke plates (40) and (41)are attached to the pole shaft (34) by braced post insulator assemblies(36) and (37). Each insulator assembly (36) and (37) is connected to thepole shaft (34) by through-yang plates (45), (46), and (47).

FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a yoke plate designed for phasebundles with four conductors. Attached to this yoke plate (5) are foursuspension clamps (50) holding the conductors of phase bundle (60). Theplate preferably has four insulator attachment holes (51), two of whichare for the insulators (3) and (4), and the third hole is for theinterphase insulator (7). The fourth hole in this plate is not used inphase conductor bundle (60); it provides an alternate attachmentlocation for the interphase insulator in other phases of this linedesign. Both ends of insulators (3), (4) and (7) are preferably equippedwith grading rings (48), (49) and (52).

Yoke plate (5) can be replaced by yoke plate (53) for three-conductorphase bundles (FIG. 10), providing support for three suspension clamps(50) that hold conductors of phase conductor bundle (60). This yokeplate also has four insulator attachment holes (51), two of which arefor the insulators (3) and (4), and the third hole is for the insulator(7). The fourth hole is not used in phase conductor bundle (60).

Yoke plate (5) also can be replaced by yoke plate (54) for two-conductorphase bundles (FIG. 11), providing support for two suspension clamps(50) that hold conductors of phase conductor bundle (60). This yokeplate has three insulator attachment holes (51). Two holes are for theinsulators (3) and (4), and the third hole is for the insulator (7).

The 345 kV double-circuit line design of the present invention (FIG. 2)provides, in a cost-effective manner, both high capacity and highefficiency for power transmission. In this embodiment, it is comprisedof a single arch-shaped tubular steel crossarm supporting two circuitssymmetrically about a single tubular pole shaft giving a simple,relatively low profile, aesthetic appearance; six V-string insulatorassemblies forming compact delta configurations of phase conductorbundles with up to four (or more) conductors per phase; each phase withat least one insulator connection to the supporting structure,minimizing the risk of faults involving multiple phases; and fourinterphase insulators, which allow compaction of the line. The 345 kVdouble-circuit design of FIG. 2 (four-conductor phase bundle) providesimproved surge impedance loading of the line, which approaches 670 MWper circuit vs. 420 MW for a traditional design. Further, it lowers bothresistive and corona losses, and moderates the EMF and audible noiseeffects of the line.

The six V-string insulator assemblies preferably include eightphase-to-ground insulators and four interphase insulators. Theseinsulators can be ceramic, glass or polymer insulators, for example. Theinternal angle between both sides of the V-string insulators ispreferred at 100 degrees, but can vary in the 60 to 120 degree range.

In the preferred embodiment, the insulator should meet two primaryrequirements: it must have: (i) an electrical resistivity, and (ii) adielectric strength sufficiently high for the given application. Thesecondary requirements relate to the thermal and mechanical properties.In certain situations, tertiary requirements relating to dielectric lossand dielectric constant also must be observed. In the preferredembodiment, the insulator properties should not deteriorate in a givenenvironment and desired lifetime.

The transmission line of the present invention is flexible and canaccommodate two-, three-, four-conductor or larger phase bundles.Different conductor types and/or asymmetrical bundles can be used withvaried effects on cost, electrical and mechanical performance.Interphase spacings are controlled by the phase-to-phase dry arcdistance for the lightning and switching impulse overvoltages betweenthe grading rings, and the leakage distance that is longer than thephase-to-ground insulation by a factor of the square-root of three.

Two ground/shield wires preferably are installed on top of the singlearch-shaped crossarm, providing preferred zero-degree shield angle forthe outmost phase conductors.

The single arched tubular steel crossarm of the new design can besubstituted with two straight tubular steel crossarms or two latticesteel crossarms while requiring no change in the physical phaseconductor positions, thus retaining basic electrical properties of thepreferred design.

The single arched tubular steel crossarm and single steel pole shaft canbe substituted with a lattice steel crossarm and a lattice steel towerbody, respectively, keeping the phase conductor arrangement (and line'selectrical properties) unchanged.

Circuit No. 1 can be installed directly above Circuit No. 2 on a singlestructure by using two arch-shaped steel crossarms without affecting thephase arrangements. This modification of the present invention can beplaced within a narrower ROW, less than 150 feet wide. The design can bemodified further to include up to two additional circuits, preferablypositioned symmetrically from Circuits No. 1 and No. 2, doubling theoverall line loadability on a 150-foot ROW.

The V-string insulator assemblies can be substituted withbraced-post-insulator and I-string suspension-insulator assemblies tokeep the phases in a similar delta configuration with no interphaseinsulators. However, this modification may require increased phasespacings, resulting in some loss of SIL capability.

The new design offers a viable, elegant, cost-effective alternative tothe use of series-compensated 345 kV lines and/or higher-voltage linesnow required for long-distance bulk power transportation.

While certain embodiments of the present invention are described indetail above, the scope of the invention is not to be considered limitedby such disclosure, and modifications are possible without departingfrom the spirit of the invention as evidenced by the following claims:

What is claimed is:
 1. A transmission tower structure for suspending apower transmission line, comprising: a pole shaft and a crossarm, thepole shaft supporting the crossarm, and the crossarm having a distal endrelative to the pole shaft; the crossarm suspending a three-phasecircuit, comprised of: a first conductor bundle having multipleconductors in a first phase; a second conductor bundle having multipleconductors in a second phase; and a third conductor bundle havingmultiple conductors in a third phase, wherein the first, second, andthird phases are arranged in a compact delta configuration with 10 to 20feet between any two phases with internal angles between 30 to 120degrees; a first V-string insulator assembly having a connection betweenthe first conductor bundle in the first phase and the crossarm of thetower structure, and between the first conductor bundle in the firstphase and the pole shaft of the tower structure; a second V-stringinsulator assembly having a connection between the second conductorbundle in the second phase and the crossarm of the tower structure, andbetween the second conductor bundle in the second phase and the firstconductor bundle in the first phase, the distal end of the crossarmcloser to the second conductor bundle than to the first and thirdconductor bundles, the second conductor bundle further from the poleshaft than the first and third conductor bundles, wherein the secondV-string insulator assembly is comprised of a first interphase insulatorconnected between the first conductor bundle in the first phase and thesecond conductor bundle in the second phase; a third V-string insulatorassembly having a connection between the third conductor bundle in thethird phase and the pole shaft of the tower structure, and between thethird conductor bundle in the third phase and the second conductor inthe second phase, wherein the third V-string insulator assembly iscomprised of a second interphase insulator connected between the secondconductor bundle in the second phase and the third conductor bundle inthe third phase; and at least one ground/shield wire installed on thetower structure, wherein the three-phase circuit is suspended by thefirst, second, and third V-string insulator assemblies forming a compactdelta configuration of phase conductor bundles having multipleconductors and wherein the internal angle between both sides of each ofthe V-string insulator assemblies is between 60 to 120 degrees; andwherein the first, second and third V-string insulator assemblyconnections to the tower structure provide connections to ground for thefirst, second and third phases, respectively, to minimize the risk ofmulti-phase faults.
 2. The structure according to claim 1, wherein thecrossarm is a single arch-shaped tubular crossarm.
 3. The structureaccording to claim 1, wherein the crossarm supports the at least oneground/shield wire installed on top of the crossarm, providing preferredzero-degree shield angle for the outmost phase conductors.
 4. Thestructure according to claim 1, wherein the phases are configured in acompact configuration that avoids the need for any significant amount ofseries compensation, and wherein the compact configuration boosts lineloadability, reduces ground-level magnetic field, and allows a reductionin structure height.
 5. The structure according to claim 1, furthercomprised of: a first yoke plate for holding conductors in a first phaseand supporting a second phase through a the first interphase insulator;a second yoke plate for holding conductors in a second phase andsupporting a third phase through the second interphase insulator; and athird yoke plate for holding conductors in a third phase, wherein thefirst, second, and third yoke plates are supported by the first, secondand third V-string insulator assemblies including the two interphaseinsulators.
 6. A transmission tower structure for suspending a powertransmission line, comprising: a pole shaft and a crossarm, the poleshaft supporting the crossarm, and the crossarm having a distal endrelative to the pole shaft; the crossarm suspending a first and a secondthree-phase circuit, each three phase circuit comprised of: a firstconductor bundle having multiple conductors in a first phase; a secondconductor bundle having multiple conductors in a second phase; and athird conductor bundle having multiple conductors in a third phase,wherein the first, second, and third phases are arranged in a compactdelta configuration with 10 to 20 feet between any two phases withinternal angles between 30 to 120 degrees; at least one ground/shieldwire installed on the tower structure; a first three V-string insulatorassembly, wherein the first three-phase circuit is suspended by thefirst three V-string insulator assembly forming a compact deltaconfiguration of phase conductor bundles having multiple conductors andwherein the internal angle between both sides of each of the V-stringinsulator assemblies is between 60 to 120 degrees and wherein the firstthree V-string insulator assembly is comprised of: 1) a first V-stringinsulator assembly having a connection between the first conductorbundle in the first phase and the crossarm of the tower structure, andbetween the first conductor bundle in the first phase and the pole shaftof the power structure; 2) a second V-string insulator assembly having aconnection between the second conductor bundle in the second phase andthe crossarm of the tower structure, and between the second conductorbundle in the second phase and the first conductor bundle in the firstphase, the distal end of the crossarm closer to the second conductorbundle than to the first and third conductor bundles, the secondconductor bundle further from the pole shaft than the first and thirdconductor bundles, wherein the second V-string insulator assembly iscomprised of a first interphase insulator connected between the firstconductor bundle in the first phase and the second conductor bundle inthe second phase; 3) a third V-string insulator assembly having aconnection between the third conductor bundle in the third phase and thepole shaft of the tower structure, and between the third conductorbundle in the third phase and the second conductor bundle in the secondphase, wherein the third V-string insulator assembly is comprised of asecond interphase insulator connected between the second conductorbundle in the second phase and the third conductor bundle in the thirdphase, and wherein the first, second and third V-string insulatorassembly connections to the tower structure provide connections toground for the first, second and third phases, respectively, to minimizethe risk of multi-phase faults; a second three V-string insulatorassembly, wherein the second three-phase circuit is suspended by thesecond three V-string insulator assembly forming a compact deltaconfiguration of phase conductor bundles having multiple conductors andwherein the internal angle between both sides of each of the V-stringinsulator assemblies is between 60 to 120 degrees.
 7. The structureaccording to claim 6, wherein the crossarm is a single arch-shapedtubular crossarm symmetrically about a single pole.
 8. The structureaccording to claim 6, wherein the crossarm supports the at least oneground/shield wire installed on top of the crossarm, providing preferredzero-degree shield angle for the outmost phase conductors.
 9. Thestructure according to claim 6, wherein the phases are configured in acompact configuration that avoids the need for any significant amount ofseries compensation, and wherein the compact configuration boosts lineloadability, reduces ground-level magnetic field, and allows a reductionin structure height.
 10. The structure according to claim 6, wherein thephases operate at or above 345,000 volts.
 11. The structure according toclaim 1, wherein the second conductor bundle is directly connected to athrough-yang on the distal end of the crossarm by an insulator.
 12. Thestructure according to claim 1, wherein the second conductor bundle isconnected to the crossarm with no other conductor bundle disposedtherebetween.
 13. The structure according to claim 6, wherein the secondconductor bundle of the first three-phase circuit is directly connectedto a through-yang on the distal end of the crossarm by an insulator. 14.The structure according to claim 6, wherein the second conductor bundleof the first three-phase circuit is connected to the crossarm with noother conductor bundle disposed therebetween.